Is Halloween sexist? Researchers say yes.

West Chester University professor Lauri Hyers and her research partners found a disturbing pattern as they looked at Halloween costumes.

The female versions — a police officer, a superhero, or something else — are often tight, show a lot of skin and cleavage, and include high heels or leather boots, sometimes even fishnet stockings. Meanwhile, male costumes tend to fully cover their wearers, have masks or other disguises, and emphasize “agency” or power, not sexiness.

At a costume store in South Philadelphia, Hyers noted, even Minnie Mouse was showing leg.

So is Halloween sexist?

Pretty much, says Hyers, who has studied the issue for about a decade and with the help of students and colleagues analyzed over 1,600 costumes.

“Gender targeted marketing just reinforces a gender divide and gender stereotypes and limits the potential for children and adults to imagine for themselves,” Hyers said. “It’s stifling creativity.”

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And despite the #MeToo movement and increasing awareness of those identifying as non-binary, the “sexualization” and “infantilization” of female costumes seems to be increasing, she said.

Infantilization occurs when females are cast as innocent or submissive, Hyers said. It manifests in costumes through things like glitter or freckles on the cheeks, bows or barrettes, ruffles, curls, and soft pastels or polka dots. Poses include the “bashful knee,” which Hyers pointed to on several costume packages. Descriptors such as “darling” or “sweet” are used, or sometimes cutesy nicknames, like “Candy Cop.”

Both sexualization and infantilization disempower females by appearing to limit their value to physical attributes, she said.

Hyers and research partner Erin Hipple, a former West Chester graduate student and now an adjunct professor in social work, discussed their research, much of it from a 2017 paper they published, with ABC’s Nightline, which is expected to air a segment Wednesday. (The third partner on their research was former graduate student Jacqueline Sullivan.)

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They found the differences between girls and boys costumes were stark: Nearly a third of girls’ costumes and more than 90% of women’s costumes had some sexualization, she said. Meanwhile, less than 1% of boys’ costumes and only 11% of men’s costumes had the same.

There were also big differences in the amount of skin the costumes revealed, and the tightness.

“On a cold Halloween night, who is going to be miserable?” Hyers asked. “It’s going to be the one with the lack of covering.”

As for disguise, more than a third of men’s costumes and nearly half of boys’ included a mask, compared with 1% of women’s and under 4% of girls'.

“This research has definitely opened my eyes to a lot of these stereotypes and how women are viewed and how we view ourselves in society,” said Leigh Wolfrum, 21, a senior exercise science major from Doylestown who is studying costumes as part of Hyers’ class this fall.

Of the costumes she reviewed, the only female one that covered almost all of the body was that of Mary, the mother of Jesus.

Wolfrum said she doesn’t object to women choosing to wear sexy costumes.

“It would be cool if you saw this in men’s costumes as well,” Wolfrum said.

Hyers and Hipple agree that women have the right to wear whatever they choose, but say they should have more choices. Homemade costumes are an option, too.

“Halloween is supposed to be a time when you can be whatever you want to be,” said Hipple, who got her bachelor’s and master’s in psychology at West Chester and is a doctoral candidate at Widener University. “Let kids of all genders shop in all sections of the Halloween store."

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It also would help if costumes came in all sizes for all ages and there was not “gender-cued” marketing, Hyers said. Perhaps the packages shouldn’t show males and females at all, just the costumes, she said.

Shannon Clemens, 19, a sophomore psychology major from Havertown, said she will think carefully before donning her next Halloween costume.

“I didn’t realize how many costumes I wore as a child or throughout my life that were highly sexualized or infantilized,” she said. “Going forward, I think I can make choices that better reflect me as a feminist and better reflect me in society, knowing what is imposed on women.”

Costume marketers, Hyers contended, create demand for sexualized costumes by offering them.

“They are reinforcing a standard that women feel they have to live up to,” she said.

Masquerade at Costume Cabaret, a shop on Columbus Boulevard, has a section titled “Sexy.”

Paul Johnston, store manager, said the section has gotten smaller in the last five years. He finds less demand for sexy-themed costumes.

Superheroes are more popular, he said.

But Hyers said that even many female superhero costumes emphasize sexualization compared with men’s.

“She is showing erotic cleavage," Hyers said, comparing male and female versions. "He is covered. She is looking like she wants to have sex with you. He looks like he wants to kill you.”