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Decades of Penn research shows how structural racism affects Black children with type 1 diabetes

Black children with type 1 diabetes experience higher average blood sugar levels, more severe complications and more hospitalizations from the autoimmune condition than white children.

Menda Stewart, left, a nurse and mother of McKenzie Stewart, right, who was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes when she was 4, checks McKenzie's blood sugar levels before allowing her to begin her first of three dance classes on Feb. 1, 2020, at the Eleone Dance Unlimited studios.
Menda Stewart, left, a nurse and mother of McKenzie Stewart, right, who was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes when she was 4, checks McKenzie's blood sugar levels before allowing her to begin her first of three dance classes on Feb. 1, 2020, at the Eleone Dance Unlimited studios.Read moreMICHAEL BRYANT / MCT